What is the fifty-first state and why it is not in the United States

 Today, the "fifty-first states" are territories that are dependent on the United States or directly want to become part of the United States. In this presentation, we will not be talking about the counties that want to become states. Our goal is to find out why the "fifty-first states" exist at all.

Mexico

In 1847–48, with the United States occupying Mexico at the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, there was talk in Congress of annexing the entirety of Mexico. The result was the Mexican Cession, also called the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo for the town in which the treaty was signed, in which the U.S. annexed over 40% of Mexico. Talk of annexing all of Mexico disappeared after this time. In 1848 a bill was debated in congress that would have annexed the Republic of Yucatán, but a vote failed to take place.
Mexico–United States relations refers to the diplomatic and economic relations between Mexico and the United States. The two countries share a maritime and land border. Several treaties have been concluded between the two nations bilaterally, such as the Gadsden Purchase, and multilaterally, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement. Both are members of various international organizations, including the Organization of American States and the United Nations.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially titled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic,is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The treaty was ratified by the United States on March 10 and by Mexico on May 19. The ratifications were exchanged on May 30, and the treaty was proclaimed on July 4, 1848.
With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital in September 1847, Mexico entered into negotiations with the U.S. peace envoy, Nicholas Trist, to end the war. On the Mexican side, there were factions that did not concede defeat or seek to engage in negotiations. The treaty called for the United States to pay US$15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to US$5 million. It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah and Colorado.

Источники: 

USA-Mexico relations | Geo-Mexico, the geography of Mexico
U.S.- Mexico Relations - Policy & History | U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Mexico
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | United States-Mexico [1848] | Britannica

Puerto Rico

• Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. However, since 1898, five other territories were annexed in the time Puerto Rico has been a colonial possession. In 2019 – Puerto Rico Admission Act, only 5% of the lower legislature were in support. The bill was passed on to the House Committee on Natural Resources.

  In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood. On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results, end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state. On January 4, 2017, Puerto Rico's new representative to Congress pushed a bill that would ratify statehood by 2025.

  On June 11, 2017, another non-binding referendum was held where 97.7 percent voted for the statehood option. The turnout for this vote was only 2.3 percent. Some leaders of the New Progressive Party say this was because of migration of Puerto Ricans to the mainland. This referendum was boycotted by the two parties opposed to statehood.

  On May 16, 2020, Puerto Rican Governor Wanda Vázquez announced that Puerto Rico will hold a nonbinding referendum on November 3, 2020 to decide whether Puerto Rico should become a state. For the first time in the island's history, the referendum will ask a single, simple question: Should Puerto Rico be immediately admitted as a U.S. state?
•  
  Puerto Rico is currently a freely associated state under US government, and Puerto Ricans hold American citizenship. The connection with USA consists in having a common citizenship, currency and defense.
• Источники:
• 
  
• 
  
• • https://time.com/4957011/is-puerto-rico-part-of-us/
    
    https://www.google.ru/amp/s/time.com/4957011/is-puert..

    

    Is Puerto Rico Part of the U.S? Here's What to Knowtime.com
  •  
    https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-takes..
    
    https://www.google.ru/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this..
  • The Republic of Haiti

  The Republic of Haiti is a small state located on half of the island of Haiti. In 1804 Haiti became an independent country from France. Sadly, Haiti is still one of the poorest countries in America and suffers from natural disasters and coups. Despite exclusively trade relations with the United States, the world community considers Haiti the 51st state of the United States. In reality, Haiti is forced to ask the United States for help, as the economy of this poor country is going through hard years. The earthquake of 2010 which almost completely destroyed the small country had a very strong impact on relations between the United States and Haiti. It was the United States that first responded to the call for help and threw almost all of its forces into supporting Haiti.

Greenland

Since 1823 the United States has, in the Monroe Doctrine, opposed expansion of foreign sovereignty in the Americas. Robert Peary, arctic explorer and Naval officer, opposed the United States giving up its claim to Greenland, believing that doing so violated the Monroe Doctrine. He wanted to purchase the island for mineral wealth and to avoid foreign bases that would, as air and sea technology improved, threaten his country. By the early 1940s the government agreed about Greenland's importance to the Arctic policy of the United States. In 1940, Denmark was invaded by Nazi Germany and Greeland was left on its own, until 1941 when the USCG officially took control over the island, as so the Germans weren’t able to use it for meteorological purposes.
Today, there is one American air base (Thule Air Base) in Greenland.
An acquisition of Greenland would give the United States permanent possession of an island that is crucial to its defense. The country would acquire vast amounts of natural resources—whether found or expected—including petroleum and rare minerals. Climate change may by 2030 make the Northern Sea Route the first of the Arctic shipping routes to be ice-free, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and greatly improving accessibility of Greenland's resources.
The United States would become the second-largest nation in the world by land area, after the Russian Federation. It would be the single-largest territorial acquisition in American history, slightly larger than the Louisiana Purchase.
There had been 4 proposals made, the most recent being in 2019.