The Fifty-first State

1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25612765?seq=1 2. https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/puerto-rican-cuban/migrating-to-a-new-land/ 3. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/13/puerto-ricans-voted-become-51st-us-state-again/ 4. https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2994&context=vlr&httpsredir=1&referer=

Since the world is constantly changing and states change their borders, the theme of the fifty-first state is very important. Today, the United States is a world political leader who sometimes builds his policy very boldly. We can see in the daily news about US actions that can be both friendly and unfriendly. Expansion is condemned in the world. Expansion is when one country tries by all means to expand its borders and sometimes resorts to military and political means to achieve this goal. The history of the United States is a struggle for the preservation and acquisition of territories. Is it possible to say that every fifty-first state is a manifestation of expansion? I don't think so. Today, in the context of globalization, each country has a certain part of the influence on another country. Until the United States goes to military action to acquire territories, it cannot be accused of trying to buy Greenland or the strange and insane claims of turning the moon into a fifty-f

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/11/the-fifty-first-state/302612/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCF_HsRk8G8 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82

  U.S. relations with Mexico are strong and vital. The two countries share a 2,000-mile border with 55 active land ports of entry, and bilateral relations between the two have a direct impact on the lives and livelihoods of millions of Americans, whether the issue is trade and economic reform, education exchange, citizen security, drug control, migration, human trafficking, innovation,or public health. The scope of relations between the United States and Mexico is broad and goes beyond diplomatic and official relations. It encompasses extensive commercial, cultural, and educational ties, with $1.7 billion of two-way trade and during normal economic and health times, there are hundreds of thousands of people crossing the border legally each day. In addition, 1.5 million U.S. citizens live in Mexico, and Mexico is the top foreign destination for U.S. travelers. In 1847–48, with the United States occupying Mexico at the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, there was talk in Congress o

 1.  https://www.9news.com.au/mexico 2.  https://www.newsnow.co.uk/h/World+News/North+America/Mexico/US~Mexico 3.  https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cmln1jqp6mgt/mexico-us-relations 4.  https://www.usnews.com/topics/locations/mexico 5.  https://apnews.com/hub/mexico 6.  https://www.mexperience.com/mexico-land-border-restrictions-closure-covid-19/ 7.  http://mexico.mynews.club/

https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/5034/haiti-the-51st-state http://loststates.blogspot.com/2010/01/haiti-statehood.html https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldtonight/2010/01/haiti_the_51st_state.html https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-14-the-united-states-and-latin-america/moments-in-u-s-latin-american-relations/a-history-of-united-states-policy-towards-haiti/

 https://www.foxnews.com/us/us-b-52-nuclear-bomber-crash-in-greenland-51-years-ago-has-ill-danes-seeking-compensation https://earthsky.org/earth/greenland-plants-discovered-melting-ice-sheet-video/ https://simpleflying.com/airbus-a330-800-airlines/ https://www.wired.co.uk/article/arctic-greenland-egrip-ice-climate https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56643429 https://www.arctictoday.com/greenlands-economy-is-poised-to-rebound-in-2021/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7720049.stm

Might the people of Haiti be a lot better off if they signed up as soon as possible to become the 51st state of the USA? It's not entirely a rhetorical question. Slightly over-stated, perhaps, but not entirely rhetorical. For one thing, if  Time  magazine is right, it's already happened: "Haiti, for all intents and purposes, became the 51st state at 4:53 p.m. Tuesday in the wake of its deadly earthquake." It's the poorest nation in the Western hemisphere, with a recent history of decades of maladministration, violence, corruption and grinding poverty. Then came the earthquake.  What little Haiti had is now gone. And that includes its government. All right, perhaps joining the US isn't such a good idea. The gobbling up of other people's lands is no longer as fashionable as it once was. So how about becoming a protectorate, either of the US, or of the UN? https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldtonight/2010/01/haiti_the_51st_state.html

That's what Rush Limbaugh thinks Democrats are angling for. You can   listen to his theory here.  As far-fetched as that is, a little historical perspective is in order. Haiti's island, Hispaniola, may be the only major island in the Caribbean that  hasn't been considered for statehood. Cuba was quite seriously considered for statehood in the early 1900s. Puerto Rico continues to flirt with statehood. Many in the U.S. Virgin Islands would like to become the 51st state—but they know their population is too low. Even the Yucatan Peninsula wanted to join the United States back in the 1840s. Admittedly, Haiti doesn't have much of a shot in 2010, but if history is our guide, pretty much every Caribbean nation will get proposed at one time or another. 

    A U.S. military B-52 nuclear bomber crash in Greenland 51 years ago still resonates with three Danish citizens who were involved in the cleanup.     The Air Force B-52 Stratofortress with four hydrogen bombs on board crashed January 21st, 1968, 7 miles from Thule Air Base, where the Banes were working for a military contractor from Denmark.  They each now have cancer and blame their illnesses on exposure to weapons-grade plutonium scattered by the crash.     Since 2010 the three men have been pursuing benefits through a U.S. government workers' competensation program that covers foreigners who worked at a military base and were injured or disables on the job.

In 1492, the island of Haiti was discovered by the Spaniards, was named Hispaniola and began to be colonized (Columbus' expedition). In 1697, after the conclusion of the Rijswijk Peace Treaty, the western part of the island came under French control. The central and eastern parts of the island called Santo Domingo (modern-day Dominican Republic) remained with Spain. The local population - the Indians - was destroyed, and its place was taken by the negro slaves imported from Africa. In 1789, the island was inhabited by 36 thousand whites, 28 thousand free mulattoes and about 500 thousand black slaves. On January 1, 1804, as a result of a successful uprising, black Haitians formed an independent state led by J.-J. With dessaline. The rebels massacred almost the entire white population of the country, including women and children. The Mulattoes formed their own republic, led by Alexandre Petion. Power in Haiti was unstable, complicated by coups and dictatorships. 1825-France rec

Haiti is one of the poorest and most volatile countries in the world, the poorest country in America, constantly suffering from hunger, natural disasters and coups. Haitians are considered the main offenders due to their constant attempts to smuggle drugs into the United States.

After the successful Haitian revolution, in which the republic of Haiti won independence from France, it became the second independent state in America after the United States and the first republic in the world led by blacks. It is the only independent state in America where the French language predominates, and one of the two, along with Canada, where it is the state language.

Gaiti, the full official form is the Republic of Gaiti - a state in the western part of the island of the same name (the eastern part of which is occupied by the Dominican Republic) and on a number of coastal islands. The capital of Hait i is Port-au-Prince. Flag Coat of arms The population of the country is 10,033,000 people (2009, of which about 1 million people live abroad - mainly in the USA).

The earthquake of 2010 which almost completely destroyed the small country had a very strong impact on relations between the United States and Haiti. It was the United States that first responded to the call for help and threw almost all of its forces into supporting Haiti.

Time magazine columnist Mark Thompson proposed Haiti to become the 51st state after the 2010 earthquake. The massive earthquake devastation prompted a quick and widespread response from the United States. The US military quickly used Haitian air and sea ports to provide aid.

The Republic of Haiti is a small state located on half of the island of Haiti. In 1804 Haiti became an independent country from France. Sadly, Haiti is still one of the poorest countries in America and suffers from natural disasters and coups. Despite exclusively trade relations with the United States, the world community considers Haiti the 51st state of the United States. In reality, Haiti is forced to ask the United States for help, as the economy of this poor country is going through hard years.

    Scientists announced on March 15, 2021, that an international effort to analyze Greenland ice cores left behind from the 1960s has revealed fossilized plants underneath mile-thick Greenland ice. These plants existed on Greenland - the world’s largest island - within the past million years. They show the ice sheet was melted that long ago, without help from human activities, and with carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere lower than they are today. These results suggest that Greenland’s ice is vulnerable to melting. The Greenland ice sheet covers about 656,000 square miles.

       The A330-800 is one of the rarest commercial jets currently in service. Only four aircraft have been delivered, with 11 more still on order. Let’s explore which airlines have ordered the A330-800 and why more haven’t.     Air Greenland has an order for one A330-800 but is yet to take delivery. The order was only confirmed in December 2020. Previously, it was deciding between taking the A330neo or the 787. It will replace its only long-haul aircraft, an aging A330-200, used on its route to Copenhagen.     It is likely that one of the reasons the A330-800 was chosen (over the A330-900 and the 787) is its ability to operate from shorter runways. This is an issue in Greenland, and the airline hopes to expand service to new airports.

    One largely unnoticed consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic has been the interruption of many scientific missions in the Arctic. Remote field trips to the northernmost regions of the globe have been canceled or postponed due to travel restrictions, quarantines and other logistical measures implemented to protect local Inuit communities.          In Greenland, the question is an urgent one:according to the Centre for Polar Observation and modelling, its ice sheet is currently shrinking by 270 billion tonnes per year, as melting ice makes an intricate journey via ice streams all the way to the ocean. According to Nasa, if the island’s entire ice sheet melted, the global sea level would rise by 7.4 metres, leaving many coastal areas under water.          The pandemic prevented EGRIP’s international science team from reaching the facility at all during 2020 – which has caused the scientists concern. Even if EGRIP was designed to be crewless for several years, what worries the researcher

         Greenland's main opposition party has won an election which could have major consequences for international interests in the Arctic.     The left-wing Inuit Ataqatigiit, which opposes a mining project in southern Greenland, secured 37% of votes.     The company that owns the site at Kvanefjeld, in the south of the country, says the mine has "the potential to become the most significant western world producer of rare earths", a group of 17 elements used to manufacture electronics and weapons.     However, disagreement over the project led to the collapse of Greenland's government earlier this year, paving the way for Tuesday's snap election.     Many locals had raised concerns about the potential for radioactive pollution and toxic waste in the farmland surrounding the proposed mine.     "The people have spoken," Inuit Ataqatigiit's leader Múte Bourup Egede told Danish state broadcaster DR on Wednesday morning, adding that the project would b

    Greenland’s economy will contract this year as a result of a slowdown in activity related to the coronavirus outbreak, but growth can be expected to return next year, the government’s panel of independent economic advisors predicts in its most recent outlook.     “Greenland’s economy has been impacted differently by the current situation than most other countries have, given the economy’s unique structure,” Økonomisk Råd wrote in its spring report.     The conclusion reiterates the panel’s previous findings, citing fisheries and a hefty subsidy from Copenhagen — two of the most important components of Greenland’s economy — as two of the main reasons why the country will be able to avoid a long-term economic decline related to coronavirus-related restrictions on commerce and travel.     After falling by an expected 8 percent in the second quarter of this year, the overall decline in 2020 will be around 1.5 percent. Next year, growth will resume at a rate of perhaps 5 percent — thoug

The United States abandoned a nuclear weapon beneath the ice in northern Greenland following a crash in 1968, a BBC investigation has found. Its unique vantage point - perched at the top of the world - has meant that Thule Air Base has been of immense strategic importance to the US since it was built in the early 1950s, allowing a radar to scan the skies for missiles coming over the North Pole. The Pentagon believed the Soviet Union would take out the base as a prelude to a nuclear strike against the US and so in 1960 began flying "Chrome Dome" missions. Nuclear-armed B52 bombers continuously circled over Thule - and could head straight to Moscow if they witnessed its destruction. Greenland is a self-governing province of Denmark but the carrying of nuclear weapons over Danish territory was kept secret.

  The Republican-controlled US Senate has approved a bill to send aid to the border with Mexico, as the image of a drowned migrant family shocked the US. It earlier rejected a rival aid bill from the Democratic-led House of Representatives imposing restrictions on US immigration agencies. Lawmakers in both chambers now face pressure to reconcile the two bills. Reports of migrant deaths, poor detention conditions and neglected child detainees have shaped the debate.

 Puerto Rico is Spanish for "rich port". Puerto Ricans  often call the island Borinquén, a derivation of Borikén, its  indigenous   Taíno  name, which means "Land of the Valiant Lord". The terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively, and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage. The island is also popularly known in Spanish as la isla del encanto, meaning "the island of enchantment". Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint  John the Baptist , while the capital city was named Ciudad de Puerto Rico ("Rich Port City"). Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city. The island's name was changed to Porto Rico by the United States after the  Treaty of Paris of 1898 . The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and priva

 As of 2019, Puerto Rico was home to 100,000 permanent legal residents. The vast majority of recent immigrants, both legal and illegal, come from the  Dominican Republic  and  Haiti . Other major sources of recent immigrants include  Cuba ,  Mexico ,  Colombia ,  Panama ,  Jamaica ,  Venezuela ,  Spain , and  Nigeria . Additionally, there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico from the mainland United States and the  U.S. Virgin Islands , as well as  Nuyoricans  (stateside Puerto Ricans) coming back. Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan. Emigration  is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history. Starting soon after  World War II , poverty, cheap airfares, and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States mainland, particularly to the  northeastern states  and nearby  Florida . This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined. Puerto Ricans contin

  Mexico has reached a deal to settle its water debts with the US despite widespread protests by Mexican farmers, some of which turned violent. A bilateral treaty signed in 1944 says the two countries must share water sources along their arid border. Mexican farmers say they need the water themselves, in what has been one of the driest years in decades. But the US says Mexico has recently not been fulfilling the agreement and owed almost a year's worth of water.

  Gen Salvador Cienfuegos, who was Mexico's defence minister from 2012 to 2018, was arrested at Los Angeles airport last month. Prosecutors said he had links to the "extremely violent" H-2 drug cartel. But following pressure from Mexico, the US Department of Justice said he should be investigated in his home country. The Mexican government, which had not been informed of the investigation against Gen Cienfuegos, had threatened to "revise" its relationship with the US Drug Enforcement Administration. Gen Cienfuegos arrived back in Mexico on Wednesday after the judge dropped the charges.

 A referendum of the status of Puerto Rico was held on November 3, 2020, concurrently with the  general election . It was announced by  Puerto Rico Governor   Wanda Vázquez Garced  on May 16, 2020. This was the sixth  referendum  held on the  status of Puerto Rico , with the  previous one  having taken place in 2017. This was the first referendum with a simple yes-or-no question, with voters having the option of voting for or against becoming a  U.S. state . The referendum was non-binding, as  the power to grant statehood  lies with the  US Congress . The  party platforms  of both the  Republican Party  and the  Democratic Party  have affirmed for decades Puerto Rico's right to  self-determination  and to be admitted as a state, at least in theory, but individual Republican legislators have been more skeptical. According to Senate Bill 1467, which placed the referendum on the ballot, voting "No" on the referendum would mean that a seven-member commission would be appointe

  The United States wrested Puerto Rico from Spain in the 1898 Spanish-American War, along with Cuba, the Philippines and the Mariana Islands. Shortly after, a series of Supreme Court rulings called the “Insular Cases” – made by the same court that found racial segregation constitutional in Plessy v. Ferguson – deemed most of America’s new territories to be inhabited by “alien races,” ungovernable by “Anglo-Saxon principles.” These cases labeled America’s island territories as incorporated or unincorporated, each with a different set of rights. Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory. It is similar to U.S. states in many ways but its taxpaying residents lack voting representation in Congress, cannot vote for president and do not enjoy all the same constitutional rights as other Americans. Without a vote in Congress, Puerto Rico’s needs are not well represented in Washington. Puerto Rico’s legal status all but defines politics on the island. Rather than offering clear left- or right-

  Puerto Ricans   requested statehood on Nov. 3, 2020 , with   52.3%   of voters asking to change the island’s status from unincorporated territory to U.S. state. This is the sixth time statehood has been on the ballot since Puerto Rico ratified its Constitution in 1952. Voters rejected the status change in 1967, 1993 and 1998. The 2012 election results were unclear because some voters did not answer both parts of a two-part statehood question. In 2017 statehood won decisively, albeit with very low turnout of around 23%. Puerto Rico didn’t become the 51st state then, and it is unlikely to achieve statehood any time soon. Only Congress can add new states to the Union, via an Admission Act or House Resolution that requires approval by a simple majority in the House and Senate.

  On January 15, 2014, the United States House of Representatives approved $2.5 million in funding to hold a referendum. This referendum can be held at any time as there is no deadline by which the funds have to be used. The United States Senate t hen passed the bill which was signed into law on January 17, 2014, by  Barack Obama , then President of the United States.

  In the late 1940s, in the final days of the Newfoundland Dominion (at the time it was a dominion-dependent Commonwealth and an independent from Canada), Newfoundland supported, though not most, the creation of an economic union with the United States. States, thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant US investment in Newfoundland as a result of the US-British alliance in World War II. The movement ultimately failed when, in a 1948 referendum, voters narrowly decided to unite with Canada (the Economic Union Party backed an independent "responsible government" that they would then push towards their goals).

In 1854, the Ostend Manifesto was written, which set out the reason for the United States to buy Cuba from Spain, implying the seizure of the island by force if Spain refused. After the document was published, many northern states condemned it. In 1859, Senator John Slidell introduced a bill to buy Cuba from Spain. Cuba, like many Spanish territories, wanted to free itself from Spain. The independence movement in Cuba was supported by the United States, and the leaders of the Cuban guerrillas wanted to join the United States, but the Cuban revolutionary leader José Martí called for Cuban statehood. When the American battleship Maine sank in the harbor of Havana, the United States blamed Spain for the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898. After the US victory, Spain abandoned its claims to sovereignty over territories, including Cuba. The United States ruled Cuba as a protectorate until 1902. Decades later, in 1959, the US-backed Cuban government of Fulgencio Batista was overthr

  A 2003 poll among Taiwanese residents aged 13 to 22 found that when given options to either become a province of the People's Republic of China or a state in the United States, 55% of those surveyed preferred statehood while 36% chose China's accession. A group called the Taiwan Civilian Government, formed in Taipei in 2008, claims that the island of Taiwan and other minor islands are part of the United States.